Tabby, also called tabbi or tapia, is made by burning shells to create lime, which is then mixed with sand, ash, water and broken shells. Chumash Tribe Facts: The Chumash Name Their territory ranged from Tampa Bay south to the Ten Thousand Islands and as far east as Lake Okeechobee. The first phase of work included the creation of a detailed topographic map of the island using LiDAR, which gave archaeologists information about its structures and geography. The researchers used ground penetrating radar and LiDAR to locate and map the forts structures, which they then partially excavated. The Calusa Indians, who live in southwest Florida, are weakened by epidemics. The two forms together may have indicated his transformation (Figs. The Calusa case also illustrates remarkably sophisticated engagements with, and long-term large-scale management of, coastal and estuarine environments.. Well-preserved nets, net floats, and hooks were found at Key Marco, in the territory of the neighboring Muspa tribe. Their gods were living all around them. While thousands of Calusa people were enslaved, about 270 people, including Calusa nobles, escaped to the Keys where, after the last raid by the Creeks on May 17, 1760, the surviving 60-70. By contrast, at an inland site, Platt Island, mammals (primarily deer) accounted for more than 60 percent of the energy from animal meat, while fish provided just under 20 percent. [Online]Available at: http://www.sanibelhistory.org/calusa_history.htm, Wu Mingren (Dhwty) has a Bachelor of Arts in Ancient History and Archaeology. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. What was the Calusa religion? 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"They had an established religion. Their immune systems lacked antibodies to fight off European diseases. At least three of the animal figureheads were found in close association with wooden humanlike masks which Cushing understood to represent the human form of that animal. If a Calusa killed such an animal, the soul would migrate to a lesser animal and eventually be reduced to nothing.[18]. Before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, Indigenous peoples who lived in the same region developed similar cultural traits based on their shared natural environment. The site of the excavation appears to be linked with Calusa ceremonialism and was one location at which wooden carvings, probably used in ritual, were housed. Could we find unequivocal architectural evidence that Mound Key was the Calusa capital town, as had long been suggested? The missionaries recognized that having a Calusa man cut his hair upon converting to Christianity (and European style) would be a great sacrifice. Additionally, it has been suggested that the population of this tribe may have reached 50000 people at one point of time. The archaeologists were surprised to discover the Spanish used a primitive shell concrete known as tabby to stabilize the wall posts of their wooden structures. They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. The Calusa have long fascinated archaeologists because they were a fisher-gatherer-hunter society that attained unusual social complexity, said William Marquardt, curator emeritus of South Florida Archaeology and Ethnography at the Florida Museum of Natural History. The pelican, wolf, and deer figureheads mentioned here (Figs. A new tribe that entered Florida either from the islands or the north at the start of the Christian Era, the Calusa dominated South Florida with their statute, skills, and brutality. At the time of European contact in the 16th and 17th centuries, the historic Calusa were the people of the Caloosahatchee culture. Rituals were believed to link the Calusa to their spirit world (Art by Merald Clark.) [Online]Available at: http://floridahistory.org/indians.htm, Marquardt, W. H., 2014. The Iroquois, on the other hand, placed the shaman at the head of all things spiritual. Image by Pat Payne for American Archaeology. [4], Between 500 and 1000, the undecorated, sand-tempered pottery that had been common in the area was replaced by "Belle Glade Plain" pottery. The men wore their hair long. The most powerful ruler governed the physical world, the second most powerful ruled human governments, and the last helped in wars, choosing which side would win. The Calusa king, or head chief, was an absolute ruler. Some of the survivors were sent to Cuba by the Spanish, while others may have merged with other Floridian Indians and eventually joined the Seminole tribe. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. The men wore deerskin breechcloths. The next day 80 "shielded" canoes attacked the Spanish ships, but the battle was inconclusive. The Calusa remained committed to their belief system despite Spanish attempts to convert them to Catholicism. 5,8,4) traveled this year, in an unprecedented loan of the Key Marco material, to the National Gallery of Art where they were exhibited as part of the Columbian Quincentenary exhibition, Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. These figureheads will be on display in Philadelphia through 1992 in the Main Entrance of The University Museum. The surrounding villages had local headmen who answered to the chief. We began with a basic set of questions, said Marquardt. [Online]Available at: http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/calusa/calusa1.htm, Florida Museum of Natural History, 2016. While archaeologists in Florida have recovered several village sites of Calusa habitation, including burial mounds, shell ridges, canals, and plazas, The University Museums 1896 excavations at Key Marco provided extraordinary clues to our understanding of Calusa ceremonialism and daily life. The chief had many wives: one principal wife and others given to him by surrounding villages. The Tequesta lived in the southeastern parts of present-day Florida. The Calusa used the canals to travel by canoe from their villages and ceremonial centers to coastal trading posts. Slaves occupy the lowest level in Calusa society. "The Calusa: A Stratified, Nonagricultural Society (With Notes on Sibling Marriage)." His status was reflected by his personal adornments, which included a golden headdress and beaded leg bands (Coggin and Sturtevant 1964). Though not all have survived, carvings included a sea turtle, alligator, pelican, fish-hawk, owl, bear, crab, wolf, wildcat, mountain lion, and a deer, many of which were painted black, white, gray-blue, and brownish-red. Marquardt, W. H. (2014). google_ad_client = "pub-8872632675285158"; ARTIFACTS & OBJECTS Racoon tail Fish bladder ear decorations Body tattoos Wood spear with bone tip Shell bead necklace Shell pendant Shell bead bracelet Bald Eagle By around 5000 BC, people started living in villages near wetlands. The Calusa was a powerful, complex society who lived on the shores of the southwest Florida coast. The priests wore carved masks, which were at other times hung on the walls inside a temple. MacMahon, Darcie A. and William H. Marquardt. What was the calusa Indians religion? Because of their reliance on shellfish, they accumulated large shell middens during this period. Marquardt and Victor Thompson of the University of Georgia are co-directing research at Mound Key, which has a complex arrangement of shell midden mounds, canals, watercourts and other features. Though questions about the Calusa and the use of some of these artifacts remain unanswered, early eyewitness accounts and ethnohistorical research, together with new archaeological developments in Florida, enhance our understanding of the cultural context within which these objects were made and used. The Tribes' sovereignty was once again recognized and funding was restored for education, housing and health programs. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. Native American names "[6] In 1564, according to a Spanish source, the priest was the chief's father, and the military leader was his cousin. The Southeast is one of 10 culture areas that scholars use to study the Indigenous peoples of the United States and Canada. Ivar the Boneless: Viking Warrior, Ruler and Raider, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, What is Shambhala? Little is known about Calusa religion. The first recorded contact between the Calusa and Europeans was in 1513, when Juan Ponce de Len landed on the west coast of Florida in May, probably at the mouth of the Caloosahatchee River, after his earlier discovery of Florida in April. Soon after the discoveries, Donald funded archaeological mapping of . The chief's house was described as having two big windows, suggesting that it had walls. Archaeological and historical documentation reveal that Calusa society was highly structured, with individuals living in fixed settlements surrounding a large central town. The Calusa resisted physical encroachment and spiritual conversion by the Spanish and their missionaries for almost 200 years. The Calusa lived from at least A.D. 1000 up to the middle of the 18th century in what are now southwest Floridas Lee, Charlotte, and Collier counties. The men were responsible for work away from the home, like hunting and raiding. Fontaneda was shipwrecked on the east coast of Florida, likely in the Florida Keys, about 1550, when he was thirteen years old. This change may have resulted from the people's migration from the interior to the coastal region, or may reflect trade and cultural influences. Rogel also stated that the chief's name was Caalus, and that the Spanish had changed it to Carlos. The Calusa were a fascinating Native American people who populated the southwestern coast of Florida. Reagan restored the Tribes to federal recognition by signing Public Law 98-481. In a report from 1697, the Spanish noted 16 houses in the Calusa capital of Calos, which had 1,000 residents. [23], The Pnfilo de Narvez expedition of 1528 and the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1539 both landed in the vicinity of Tampa Bay, north of the Calusa domain. Florida Museum artifact photos by Jeff Gage. [26], For more than a century after the Avils adventure, there was little contact between the Spanish and Calusa. Office: Old St. Luke's Hospital. In 1521 Ponce de Len returned to southwest Florida to plant a colony, but the Calusa drove the Spanish out, mortally wounding Ponce de Len. Diseases would ravage their population and force . By the early 1600s the Calusa returned to Mound Key and reestablished their capital. The Calusa built their entire way of life around the ocean and estuaries of the Gulf Coast, creating a vast empire by learning to manipulate their environment. Map of Calusa territory in Florida. Marquardt quotes a statement from the 1570s that "the Bay of Carlos in the Indian language is called Escampaba, for the cacique of this town, who afterward called himself Carlos in devotion to the Emperor" (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). The Calusa Indians. Since the soft limestone that surrounded them was unfitting for tool and weapon production, they decided to use shells, wood, fish teeth, and bone for tools. The National Geographic has reported that archaeologists have discovered an ancient Native American kings house in Florida. The Calusa people's diet consisted mainly of fish and shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico and its many waterways. In 1954 a dugout canoe was found during excavation for a middle school in Marathon, Florida. The walls were covered entirely with masks colored red, white, and black (Hann 1991). Each human had three souls, present in his shadow, his reflection in water and in the pupil of his eye. Seeking Native American Spirituality: Read This First! In 1697 Franciscan missionaries established a mission to the Calusa but left after a few months.[27]. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? By the early 19th century, Anglo-Americans in the area used the term Calusa for the people. A Spanish expedition to ransom some captives held by the Calusa in 1680 was forced to turn back; neighboring tribes refused to guide the Spanish, for fear of retaliation by the Calusa. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. During the Calusa's reign the Florida coastline extended roughly 60 miles further into the Gulf of Mexico. The finds tell us of Calusa fishing techniques, of the tools used to produce their wooden carvings, of architecture, ceremonialism, and daily life. They are attacked by Spain, which in 1566 had established St. Augustine in the north. The architectural remains of the kings house were relatively easy to find, but difficult to interpret at first, Marquardt said. Historic sources reveal that they were a warlike people who economically and politically dominated most of southern Florida (Fig. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spaniard held captive by the Calusa in the 16th century, recorded that Calusa meant "fierce people" in their language. The fact that the Calusa were fishers, not farmers, created tension between them and the Spaniards, who arrived in Florida when the Calusa kingdom was at its zenith, Thompson said. Mound Key, an island west of Fort Myers, was the center of this large Calusa Empire. It is based on the Creek and Mikasuki (languages of the present-day Seminole and Miccosukee nations) ethnonym for the people who had lived around the Caloosahatchee River (also from the Creek language). During Menndez de Avils's visit in 1566, the chief's wife was described as wearing pearls, precious stones and gold beads around her neck. The archaeologists recovered seeds, wood, palm-fiber cordage that likely came from Calusa fishing nets and even fish scales from the waterlogged levels. When the chief formally received Menndez in his house, the chief sat on a raised seat surrounded by 500 of his principal men, while his sister-wife sat on another raised seat surrounded by 500 women. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. After the outbreak of war between Spain and England in 1702, slaving raids by Uchise Creek and Yamasee Indians allied with the Province of Carolina began reaching far down the Florida peninsula. He was aware, however, of the magnitude of his findings: the remains of a highly organized maritime society whose members performed elaborate rituals and whose artists possessed remarkable abilities in wood carving. While estimates vary, their population probably numbered between 4,000 and 10,000. The Shell People. Their sophistication and fierceness enabled them to resist Spanish domination for some 200 years. The Caloosahatchee Region". By the 1700s though, the Tequesta people had disappeared. (1993). According to the documents, the brushwood and lumber fort encompassed some 36 structures. The Calusa: "The Shell Indians". [16], Ceremonial or otherwise artistic masks have been discovered and were previously described by the Spanish who first encountered the Calusa. A Calusa /s/ [s] sound is said to range between a /s/ to a // sound. 4-8). Directly beneath the chief was the nobility. Each human had three souls, present in his shadow, his reflection in water and in the pupil of his eye. Cushings excavations took place along the coast. Tools for fishing were made of shell, wood, and plant materials and included hooks and spears, nets, net floats and sinkers, cord, and anchors (Fig. /* 728x15 link ad */ This now makes three southwest Florida sites with wet-site preservation of such items as wood, cordage and netting: the Pineland Site Complex, Key Marco and now Mound Key.. (2004). "Florida Indians of Past and Present", in Carson, Ruby Leach and, Goggin, John M., and William C. Sturtevant. These massive, rectangular structures built of shell and sediment enclose large areas on both sides of the mouth of Mound Keys great canal, a marine highway nearly 2,000 feet long and about 100 feet wide that bisects the island. The Calusa also used spears, hooks, and throat gorges to catch fish. Marquardt, William H. (2004). One illustration of the sophistication of the Calusa can be found in eyewitness accounts of an event in 1566. ln 2017, funded by the National Science Foundation, the research team began a systematic investigation of these structures, the largest of which is about 36,000 square feet, with a surrounding berm of shell and sediment that stood about three feet high. This language was distinct from the languages of the Apalachee, Timucua, Mayaca, and Ais people in central and northern Florida. The watercolors illustrate the blue, black, gray, and brownish-red pigments found on many of the wooden specimens. Archaeological and historical evidence indicates the Calusas primary source of food was the sea, and virtually all evidence suggests they did not practice agriculture. The heir of the chief wore gold in an ornament on his forehead and beads on his legs. Calusa territory reached from Charlotte Harbor to Cape Sable, all of present-day Charlotte, Lee, and Collier counties, and may have included the Florida Keys at times. One of the causes of this was the raids conducted by rival tribes from Georgia and South Carolina. The Calusa (said to mean fierce people ) are a Native American tribe that once inhabited the southwestern coast of Florida. There was little change in the pottery tradition after this. The rich and relatively stable coastal ecology of southwest Florida provided an abundance of marine lifenumerous kinds of fish, shellfish, and sea mammalsthat was capable of supporting a large human population. Five friars who stayed in the chief's house in 1697 complained that the roof let in the rain, sun and dew. No Zamia pollen has been found at any site associated with the Calusas, nor does Zamia grow in the wetlands that made up most of the Calusa environment. The Calusa used wooden dugout canoes to aid them in fishing and for transport. In 1517 Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba landed in southwest Florida on his return voyage from discovering the Yucatn. Julian Granberry has suggested that the Calusa language was related to the Tunica language of the lower Mississippi River Valley. According to these accounts, the Calusa had a head chief named Carlos who lived in Calos and received tribute from surrounding villages. At some point of time in their history, this tribe discovered that there was a wealth of fish in the waters, and began to exploit this resource. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. The Calusa had an established religion and practiced human sacrifice, and many temples were found built upon mounds. The ancestors of the Calusa are said to have survived by hunting prehistoric animals such as woolly mammoths and giant tortoises, and collecting fruits and other edible plants. How was the Calusa Indian nation organized? However, they would suffer the same fate as many of the other Native American tribes. The Calusa leader, Calus (called Carlos II by the Spaniards), agrees to accept a Jesuit missionary among his people, but the Calusa refuse to . Calusa influence may have also extended to the Ais tribe on the central east coast of Florida. The drove back multiple conquistadors and had control of nearby tribes. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. The chief's house, and possibly the other houses at Calos, were built on top of earthen mounds. A variety of carving tools were also recovered. One is left only to imagine how lifelike these wooden figureheads must have appeared when used on ceremonial occasions. [2], Paleo-Indians entered what is now Florida at least 12,000 years ago. -written by Glenn Emery. The Calusa were descended from people who had lived in the area for at least 1,000 years prior to European contact, and possibly for much longer than that. In the winter of 1896, Frank Hamilton Cushing began archaeological excavations in southwest Florida. The Calusa are said to have been a socially complex and politically powerful tribe, and most of southern Florida was controlled by them. Calusa ceremonies included processions of priests and singing women. The Calusa were one of the few tribes known to be shell collectors. The Carolinan colonists supplied firearms to the Creek and Yemasee, but the Calusa, who had isolated themselves from Europeans, had none. Housing and health programs times hung on the central east coast of Florida and had control nearby... Attacked by Spain, which in 1566 had established St. Augustine in the pottery tradition after.! 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