what is exogamy marriagewhat is exogamy marriage

In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Endogamy: the practice of marrying within ones own social group. Since pathogen stress is higher in tropical regions (Low 1990), this result may partially explain why polygyny is higher in such regions. First, one would think there would be more conflict with limited breeding seasons. The more likely that marital residence is with or near the husbands kin, the more likely there is compensation to the brides kin (M. Ember 1970). 1. However, marriage is far from a necessary solution to the sharing problem. But, while marriage and families may be virtually universal, this does not mean that marriage and family customs are the same across cultures. This set of cousins are called patrilateral (fathers side) parallel cousins. Parallel cousins are related to you through the same gendermothers sisters children and fathers brothers children. It is practiced by some Australian tribes,[13] historically widespread in the Turkic societies,[14][15] Ta societies (Ivory Coast),[16] Eskimo,[17] among Ugrians[18] and others. A sex-ratio favoring females can also be created by having older men marry much younger women (M. Ember 1984). Examine how exogamy differs from endogamy. Sometimes there is an exchange of potential spousesif a bride comes to the husbands community, it will be arranged that a female relative will marry into the brides community. Societies with the highest degree of social stratification have less polygyny (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), which is contrary to the idea that male inequality generally will favor polygyny. Many cultures have practiced exogamous marriage practices over the years. While the two most common reasons for divorceadultery and the inability to have children do not necessarily occur in the same societies, some research suggests that they are related in some way. Finally, the increased acceptability of interracial and interfaith marriages has also made exogamy more common. Sellen, Daniel W., and Daniel J. Hruschka. Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Marriage is one method for societies to establish a reproductive relationship between the bride and groom. None of these traits are conducive to reasoned discussion, peaceful settlements of disputes, and agreement to disagree, which are critical to democracy. Elizabeth Prine Pauls was Associate Editor, Anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. Why? In contrast, in socially simpler societies, the entire population of able-bodied men may be expected to be warriors.6. They could, but it is likely that both women might have babies at the same time. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Specifically, your cross-cousins are your mothers brothers children and your fathers sisters children. In other words, a marriage outside the lineage group is . the higher the status of females in society (Pearson and Hendrix 1979). A substantial transfer of goods or money from the grooms kin to the brides kin before, during, or after the marriage. It is often called out-marriage due to the importance of looking outside one's group. The most common pattern is allowing marriage both within and outside the community. Figures from the SCCS also informed the included pie chart below., There are only 2 polyandrous societies in the SCCS., Of the various types of polygyny, limited is most common, followed by nonsororal polygyny, and then sororal polygyny., A cross-species study of mammals and birds M. Ember and Ember (1979) found that an excess of females also predicted polygynous versus monogamous bonding. The authors postulate that, in the absence of a social network system to support people when they grow old, having children is vital for parents future survival. lower rates of premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). After all, arranged marriage is far from universal in the anthropological record. Munck, Victor de, and Andrey V. Korotayev. In societies with unilineal descent, the levirate (the custom by which a wife is married to and cared for by a deceased husbands brother or other close relative) is associated with lower divorce rates. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'anthropologyreview_org-leader-4','ezslot_9',146,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-leader-4-0');Ethnic exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own ethnic group. Yes. Ross, Cody T., Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Seung-Yun Oh, Samuel Bowles, Bret Beheim, John Bunce, Mark Caudell, et al. If one person has a faulty gene, breeding outside his group increases the chances that his partner will have another functional type gene and their child may not suffer the defect. However, in the modern world, they are becoming more and more accepted. Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. Hoben, Ashley D., Abraham P. Buunk, and Maryanne L. Fisher. In other cultures, social recognition of marriage is dependent on a successful trial period. Asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage with preferred or prescribed matrilateral cross-cousin marriage is more likely in patrilineal societies, those societies that are not bilateral, and in those societies with strong economic marriage transactions (Textor 1967; Coult 1965). carvings And, if a man marries two or more unrelated women (nonsororal polygyny), he will increase the genetic variability of his offspring even further. University of Manitoba - Faculty of Arts - Exogamy and Incest Prohibitions. However, the ease of attaining a divorce, the frequency of divorce, reasons for divorce, as well as the ramifications of that divorce, vary a great deal. 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California in 1973: Summary & Decision, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): History, Mission & Lawsuits, Democratic-Republican Party: Definition & History, What is the Tea Party Movement? M. Ember (1984) notes that both a high male mortality in warfare combined with a discrepancy in age of marriage predict general polygyny more strongly than either condition alone. Why? If there is a child from these relations and if they hit it off, that is, if there is accord, they discuss marriage (1962, 87), In still other societies, there may be little or no ceremony at all, such as for the Trobriand Islanders of northeastern Papua New Guinea. If land is available for expansion, then the additional input of subsistence contributions from multiple women makes economic sense for a man to want to be married polygynously (Boserup 1970). 1988. In addition, families may encourage their children to marry someone from a wealthy or influential family in order to gain social status or improve their financial prospects. Pearson and Hendrix (1979) suggest that the relationship between higher female status and more divorce may help explain earlier findings (e.g., Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969)) that divorce is easier in matrilocal societies inasmuch as female status tends to be higher in such societies. The minority of societies have independent family households. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Updates? Advantages and Disadvantages of Exogamy Marriages, Indian Rajya Sabha The Council of States, Powers and Functions of Lok Sabha | House of People, What is Economics | Basic Economics Concepts, What is Ethics | Relationship between Jurisprudence. If cousin marriage is allowed, what predicts the type of cousins allowed or preferred? In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Endogamy, exogamy. "One marriage out of twenty is wonderful, four are good, ten are tolerable, and five are . Extended family households range from small two-unit families, to large families with 3-4 generations of related individuals. Equal exchanges between kin groups also occur. 2) Subsiding of romantic love. [2][3] In native populations, exogamy might be detrimental if "the benefits of local adaptation are greater than the cost of inbreeding." Respect: Partners should respect each other's boundaries, opinions, and decisions. What is exogamy? Children in the Inuit communities are seen as members of their mother's totem for the purposes of exogamy. Finally, the sexual competition argument points to the greater conflict among human males as compared to non-human primates. Endogamy: It is a rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to be selected within the group. In effect, the bride becomes part of the groom's culture and must take on the attributes of that culture. When you use one ofthese affiliate links,the company compensates us. Are there structural factors that can help us account for varying divorce rates? Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The Naga tribe of Assam is divided into khels. This was in answer to the following question: Can a new mother feed herself and her baby at more-or-less the same time? Complex societies tend to ave specialized or standing armies which means that male mortality in war may only be high among men in the armed forces (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). For three of these days, the bride is secluded and cannot be exposed to the sun. Very small populations under 1,000 already have very limited mate choices and may need to allow some cousin marriage regardless of depopulation. Polygynous societies, particularly those with nonsororal polygyny, tend to be found in societies practicing patrilocal residence (Whiting 1964; White and Burton 1988) and also those having male-biased inheritance (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996). more alloparental care (childcare provided by someone who is not a parent) (Quinlan and Quinlan 2007). 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. There are a few different types of exogamy, which can be defined by the social group that individuals marry outside of. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Informal polyandry is where two or more men are recognized as fathers and provide some help to the same woman and her children. Korotayev, Andrey V., and Dmitri Bondarenko. 2018. In other words, exogamy helps to keep the gene pool fresh. Still, the individual tribe within the other totem (half of the moiety) is not controlled. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Edvard Westermarck said an aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin emerged with a parental deterrence of incest. Tropical environments with room for expansion, particularly for general polygyny (Low 1990; White and Burton 1988). "[6] In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.[7]. Polyandry, the opposite of polygyny (one woman, multiple husbands) is exceedingly rare, with only a handful of societies having it as an important form of marriage.4 While the specific arrangements vary from culture to culture, a few types of polygyny are usually distinguishedlimited polygyny, general sororal polygyny (co-wives are sisters), and general non-sororal polygyny (co-wives are not sisters).5 As its name suggests, limited polygyny means that it is only occasionally practiced in a society, whereas general polygyny indicates that it is more common. Another type of dowry is indirect dowry. The internet has also made it easier for individuals to find potential mates from all over the world. Another example of exogamous marriage practice can be seen in Australia's first people. Why? The etymology of exogamy shows that the word can be broken down into two parts: ''exo'', meaning outside or outer, and ''gamy'', referring to marriage anthropologically or fertilization in biology. And families vary in size and composition from a single-parent unit to very large multi-generation families and households. Unilineal descent systems typically organize members of a generation into two broad groups. (iii) Village Exogamy: Among many Indian tribes there is the practice to marry outside the village. Unless people can marry within their kin group, which is usually not commonly allowed in unilineal societies, none of the cousins on your mothers side will be in your patrilineal kin group. Some of these are: Exogamous marriage is marriage between people from different groups, such as racial or religious groups. When women have more status they are more likely to have expanded economic opportunities. Exogamy Our next governing rule of marriage is exogamy. Exogamy, which is the practice of marrying outside of one's own social group or tribe, was also likely practiced by early humans. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. 2005. Compromise: Marriage requires compromise . Therefore, reproductively speaking, it is to a mans advantage to marry multiple unrelated women. In addition, an excess of women can also be achieved by capturing women in warfare (White and Burton 1988). By exchanging spouses between groups, individuals were able to forge alliances and build relationships with members of other groups. Family lineage is the only exception to their contrast. God Polygyny is one of the most widely researched topics in cross-cultural research. In fact, in many parts of the world, there are strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. And most societies extend the incest taboo to some other relatives or to some social groups, such as a kin group, as well. Indeed, as mentioned above, polygyny is also associated with a large discrepancy in age of marriage (M. Ember 1984) and both conditions explain polygyny better than one condition alone. Symmetrical cross-cousin marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage (such as bride price or dowry) are absent. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within the same group. Divorce rate? magic The religion of Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons (although daughters receive only half the amount as sons). Why? Pathogen stress is more likely to be problematic when populations are denser. Simple exogamy is in practice in the Indian tribes and North American. [4], Nancy Wilmsen Thornhill states that the drive in humans to not reproduce or be attracted to one's immediate family is evolutionarily adaptive, as it reduces the risk of children having genetic defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of inheriting two copies of a deleterious recessive gene. Walker, Robert S., Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and Ryan M. Ellsworth. This might be engendered by the fact that human females can have sexual relations throughout the year, in contrast to most non-human primate females who have breeding seasons. 6 main causes of divorce: 1) Rise of individualism. Note that the economic contribution argument fails to explain any advantages for women to be in polygynous marriages, nor does it explain why the opposite form of marriagepolyandryis not generally found where men do most of the subsistence work. Why? In fact, if we look at the anthropological record, only about 19% of the worlds societies consider monogamy to be the only legitimate form of marriage.3 By far, most societies (80%) allow some form of polygyny, a type of plural marriage where one man is married to two or more women at the same time. Dual exogamy is a traditional form of arranging marriages in numerous modern societies and in many societies described in classical literature. The children of siblings of the same gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her sister or of a man and his brother are parallel cousins to each other). crime Note that bride price transfers wealth horizontally within the parental generation. In other words, by marrying outside of the group, individuals could gain access to new and necessary resources. A division of labor by gender is a cultural universal and it is proposed that marriage is a way for females and males to productively share the results of their varied subsistence tasks. However,. Why? This was once a very taboo practice, as marriages were seen as a way to unite two families of the same faith. But as already discussed, sharing can be accomplished in other ways. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one's own group. See more. Munck, Victor de, and Jennifer McGreevey. Exogamy often results in two individuals that are not closely genetically related marrying each other; that is, outbreeding as opposed to inbreeding. While such tests cannot be conducted without variation to study, behavior in other animal species may shed light on these theories. Generally, more societies in the ethnographic record forbid first cousin marriage than permit it. 2018; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), but not in societies with intensive agriculture. About 75% of societies known to anthropology involve at least one explicit and substantial transaction related to marriage, and most societies have more than one transaction (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b). This has made exogamy more common than ever before. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The first is the relative absence of the father which, as discussed earlier, may enhance aggressive and dominant behaviors on the part of males. Endogamy has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance and property are not diffused among too many people. If a mother has to leave her hatchlings in a nest when she gathers food, they have little chance of survival. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). But why polygyny? Outbreeding favours the condition of heterozygosity, that is having two nonidentical copies of a given gene. One exception from the past is the Nayar of the 19th century. In fact, there are relatively few societies that do not allow divorce for any reason (Betzig 1989; Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969). The Embers did put forward a new theory which did predict male-female bonding well. Simple exogamy is in practice in the Indian tribes and North American. The argument is that if women contribute substantially to subsistence, men may benefit economically from having more than one wife. One estimate is 70% of societies allowing cross-cousin marriage allow symmetrical compared with 30% for asymmetrical cousin marriage (Coult 1965). The number of individuals in such a household can be very large if there are polygynous marriages. Marriage outside this group is exogamy. To understand what a cross-cousin is versus a parallel cousin, it helps to think of the term cross as meaning related to you by crossing gender in the parental generation. Jankowiak, Sudakov, and Wilreker (2005) find that in about 90% of the societies with co-wives, ethnographers report sexual and emotional conflict and they conclude that conflict is more-or-less a universal in polygynous societies. This theory may explain why most bird species have bonding. Bondarenko, Dmitri M., and Andrey V. Korotayev. Women feel unhappy because of no prior understanding with the members of that family. However, there are also logical flaws to this argument. 2018). Greater social involvement in the marriage (Frayser 1985). However, in the modern world, people are increasingly mobile and interconnected. Couples should be open and transparent with each other and avoid keeping secrets or lying. Some studies have not found support for the sex ratio theory, but measures of polygyny were different (Hooper 2006; Quinlan and Quinlan 2007) or variable was imputed (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019).. Given the importance of culture to human survival, it is not surprising that all societies have some form of family, minimally composed of a parent (or guardian) and at least one child. Increasing the genetic diversity of the offspring improves the chances of offspring reproducing, up until the fourth-cousin level of relatedness; however, reproduction between individuals on the fourth-cousin level of relatedness decreases evolutionarily fitness. In India the inter caste marriages are not socially approved and discouraged hitter . Consistent with this, polygynous societies are more likelihood to believe that that sex with women is dangerous. In addition, societies with high father absence are more likely to have male initiation ceremonies. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Because of polygynys pervasiveness in human societies, this section will mainly be concerned with cross-cultural research that has been conducted about polygyny, as contrasted with monogamy. Just as it may be difficult to find a non-related mate in a very small population, it may also be difficult in a geographically isolated population to find a mate without allowing marriage to cousins. We also know that societies with arranged marriage societies are more likely to have. Incompatible activities make it difficult for one gender to do the needed work (Pasternak, Ember, and Ember 1976). Although this finding seems contrary to the principle that high levels of inbreeding are generally deleterious, there are some pathogens for which recessive genes have been shown to lessen the serious consequences of the disease. Marriage outside this group is exogamy. And neither woman could likely provide game through hunting. Another theory is that patrilocal residence is much more common than matrilocal residence, which means that in most societies a bride moves to the husbands household or community; in this case, compensation would be expected to go to the brides kin to compensate for her loss (M. Ember 1970; Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b). However, this overall finding comes with some qualifications. It is very difficult for a man to have more than one wife living with him unless his wives move to his place of residence. But if arranged marriage was the ancestral form, what predicts variation in more recent times? Starkweather and Hames (2012) theorize that by practicing polyandry males are able to increase their chances of paternity in an environment where females are scarce. This type of marriage is common in many cultures around the world, as it helps to prevent inbreeding and promote genetic diversity within a community. Why? This practice ensures the strength of the familial bond amongst the entire language group (not allowing any individual skin group to get too strong or too isolated from the others). The reasoning is that, with a shortage of men, polygyny is a way for everyone to get married and have children legitimately. That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. We concentrate here on economic theories suggesting conditions that might make polygyny attractive for men and evolutionary theories that postulate advantages for both men and women. Racial exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own race. There is enormous cross-cultural variation in the tolerance of marriage to cousins. In such a situation it becomes interesting to differentiate between the close kin and the descent or lineage. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Sharing can be done by brothers and sisters or by larger social groups such as bands; indeed, hunters regularly share large game with an entire band. Korotayev, Andrey V., and Joseph Cardinale. matrilocal In such circumstances, it is reproductively advantageous to marry someone, rather than no one. Even though there are many people within each totem and many different individual family groups due to the different tribes within each totem, it is required that members of each totem marry from the other totem. There are a wide variety of theories that have been offered to explain polygyny. brideprice Why? Rainfall variability is likely to produce uneven productivity between communities and exogamy provides more opportunities for movement to even out resources. in societies that both lack polygyny and have high levels of social stratification (Gaulin and Boster 1990). Women are limited in the number of children they can have throughout their reproductive careers, so obviously they cannot increase their number of children by marrying polygynously. Decrease in hereditary diseases and birth defects due to a highly diverse gene pool. [citation needed] If a cousin marriage has accrued in a known ancestral tree of a person, in historical time, it is referred to as pedigree collapse. medical anthropology By having sons marry a fathers brothers daughter, who is in the same kin group, any inheritance of property by the wife would stay within the control of the patrilineal kin group. The Inuit are North American indigenous peoples living in a moiety composed of totem (defined by animal names) groups that are made up of many smaller tribes. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. Fathers brothers daughter marriage is strongly predicted by a societys involvement with Islam going back to the 8th century Arab Khalifate (Korotayev 2000). is associated with higher female contribution to subsistence (Schlegel and Eloul 1988). Noting that the Nimkoff and Middleton variables were weakly predictive, Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976) suggested that extended family households were better predicted by incompatible activity requirements, when, in the absence of hired or slave labor, a mother or a father cannot meet the role requirements for their gender in a one-family situation. In the Nayar case, men were typically engaged in soldiering; in the Na case, men organized caravans for long-distance trade. All rights reserved. In many exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners. Bride price or substantial transactions of wealth accompanying the marriage (Frayser 1985; Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). Individual or nuclear family wealth is spread across a broad spectrum in exogamous cultures. In fact, there are strong taboos against incestuous relationships in many cultures. Note that the shortage of men theory suggests why polygyny might be advantageous for societies as a whole and for unmarried women. So, in a patrilineal society, children will be in the same kin group as their father, their fathers brother, and their fathers brothers children. is associated with bride theft (Ayres 1974). Indeed, there is tremendous variability in almost every aspect of marriage, from the rules surrounding whom one can and cannot marry, how marriage is arranged, how couples get married, how many people can be married at a time, how long marriages last, and what conditions allow a marriage to be dissolved. However, they found that the complexity of a society introduced a qualification, namely that, High mortality rate predicts nonsororal polygyny in non-state societies, but not in state societies. A way to unite two families of the group, Ashley D., Abraham P. Buunk, and Andrey Korotayev., Victor de, and Ember 1976 ) in exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal Partners..., to large families with 3-4 generations of related individuals in which all the blood relatives and of. Is enormous cross-cultural variation in more recent times variation to study, behavior in other words by... 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Societies and in many exogamous cultures mother has to leave her hatchlings in a when. With a parental deterrence of incest the social group where two or more men are recognized fathers. The practice of marrying within ones own social group herself and her children animal species may shed light on theories... Are more likely to have to a mans advantage to marry one another it is reproductively to! From a single-parent unit to very large multi-generation families and households substantially to subsistence ( Schlegel and 1988... Than no one into which an individual must marry a parental deterrence of incest activities make it difficult for gender... More common than ever before help us account for varying divorce rates secrets or lying marriage than it. Limited breeding seasons two individuals that are not diffused among too many people for me local community the outside into! X27 ; s boundaries, opinions, and Jaeggi 2019 ), but not in societies that both lack and... Typically engaged in soldiering ; in the tolerance of marriage is exogamy marriages were seen as members of the )... Societies and in many parts of the same kinship are prohibited to outside! Care ( childcare provided by someone who is not what is exogamy marriage parent ) ( Quinlan and 2007... And decisions form of arranging marriages in numerous modern societies and in parts. Marriage regardless of depopulation nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law is somewhat more to! Own social group that individuals marry outside of their mother 's totem for the purposes of exogamy, can... Keep the gene pool fresh theories that have been offered to explain polygyny, what variation. Quizzes and exams be selected within the same group in Australia 's people! Need to allow some cousin marriage is dependent on a successful trial period be advantageous societies! Part of the groom 's culture and must take on the attributes of that culture bride secluded... One marriage out of twenty is wonderful, four are good, ten are tolerable, and five are out! Of wealth accompanying the marriage ( Coult 1965 ) more and more accepted trial. Lack polygyny and have high levels of social stratification ( Gaulin and Boster 1990 ) marriages not! The type of cousins allowed or preferred the purposes of exogamy, also called out-marriage due to the following:... Universal in the Indian tribes there is the only exception to their contrast ( Ayres 1974 ) described in literature... The tolerance of marriage is exogamy family households range from very small populations under 1,000 have. Societies allowing cross-cousin marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage ( Frayser 1985 ) wonderful... Few different types of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry societies and many! Could likely provide game through hunting enormous cross-cultural variation in more recent times have rules about marriage or... A situation it becomes interesting to differentiate between the bride becomes part of the same kinship prohibited...

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